Psychology spec Essay Example for Free

Psychology spec Essay We dont aim to profit from education we want you to. If you are an existing customer then we thank you for your support. If you are thinking of moving to AQA then we look forward to welcoming you. 1. 2 Why choose Psychology? The revised specification will provide students with a sound understanding of the various methods and approaches in psychology at an introductory level. Knowledge of methods and approaches will be illustrated through various topic areas representing the core areas of social, cognitive, developmental, biological and individual differences. The topic areas have been chosen because of their importance and prominence within the core area and their relevance to everyday life. The specification requires candidates to nderstand ethical issues that must be considered when conducting research in psychology. New content has been introduced, while less popular topics have been removed. Unit 1 of this specification can be delivered as a Short Course. GCSE psychology is no longer tiered; therefore the question papers have been designed to be accessible to candidates of all abilities. . 3 How do I start using this specification? Already using the existing AQA Psychology specification? Register to receive further information, such as mark schemes, past question papers, details of teacher support meetings, etc, at http://www. qa. org. uk/rn/askaqa. php Information will be available electronically or in print, for your convenience. Tell us that you intend to enter candidates. Then we can make sure that you receive all the material you need for the examinations. You can let us know by completing the appropriate Intention to Enter and Estimated Entry forms. We will send copies to your Exams Officer and they are also available on our website (http://www. aqa. org. uk/admin/p_entries. php). Not using the AQA specification currently? Almost all centres in England and Wales use AQA or have used AQA in the past and are approved AQA centres. A small minority are not. If your centre is new to AQA, please contact our centre approval team at [emailprotected] org. uk 1. 4 How can I find out more? Teacher Support You have 24-hour access to useful information and answers to the most commonly-asked questions at Details of the full range of current Teacher Support and CPD courses are available on our web site at http://web. aqa. org. uk/qual/cpd/index. php If the answer to your question is not available, you can submit a query for our team. Our target response time is one day. There is also a link to our fast and convenient online ooking system for all of our courses at http://coursesandevents. aqa. org. k/training 2 Specification at a Glance (Short Course) 4181 Unit 1: aking Sense of other people (41801) Written Paper 1 hour 30 mins 80 marks 100% Candidates answer all questions (Full Course) 4182 Other People 80 marks Unit 2: Understanding Other people (41802) plus For assessments and subject awards after June 2013 there is a requirement that 100% of the assessment is terminal. 3 Subject Content Students should have experience of designing and conducting informal classroom re search using a variety of methods. They will be expected to analyse data collected in investigations at a descriptive level and draw conclusions based on research findings. They will be required to draw on these experiences to answer questions in the examination for these units. In the delivery of these units, it is expected that teachers will seek out contemporary examples of theories and research to develop their candidates understanding of the subject content. 3. 1 Unit 1 Making Sense of Other People Memory Processes of encoding, storage and retrieval. The multi-store, reconstructive and levels of processing explanations of memory. Description and evaluation of studies to investigate explanations of memory. Explanations and studies of forgetting including interference, context and brain damage (retrograde and anterograde amnesia). Eyewitness testimony. description and evaluation ot studies ot tactors which attect the reliability eyewitnesses accounts of people and incidents, including the research by Loftus (1974), Bruce and Young (1998). Contemporary practical applications derived from the explanations of memory and forgetting and their benefits and drawbacks.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

The novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, takes place during the 1930's in Maycomb County, Alabama. Atticus Finch, a white southern lawyer, is appointed to defend Tom Robinson, an innocent black man accused of raping a white woman. Throughout the story Atticus' children learn the meaning of true courage. Although Atticus proves Tom's innocence, the prejudice white jury's verdict is that Tom is guilty. The assumed black characteristics of immorality, dishonesty, shiftlessness and personal squalor are embodied by the white Ewell clan. This is a glaringly obvious fact that the prejudiced Maycomb society refuses to acknowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Three examples of black characters who do not fit his 'stereotype'; are Reverend Sykes, Calpurnia and Tom Robinson. My first example is Reverend Sykes. He is a respected, generous man who runs a clean church and accepts worshipers both white and black. When Calpurnia brings Scout and Jem to the black church, he and the congregation welcome them. This shows that in the eyes of the Reverend, as in the eyes of God their is no prejudice. At the trial, Reverend Sykes makes room for Scout and Jem in the courtroom balcony where the blacks sit. While the trail is going on the blacks show no disrespect for Jem and Scout. After the trial is over, out of respect, the blacks wait until Atticus Finch passes and then they stand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly is the character of Calpurnia who also does not fit this stereotype. Calpurnia is the housekeeper for the Finchs and also helped raise Scout and Jem. Calpurnia is educated, hard working and well kept. She taught her children to read and Scout and Jem how to write on her own time. All that she had accomplished was done at a time when most Negroes could not read or write.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last black character who embody the characteristics of immortality, dishonesty, shiftlessness and personal squalor is Tom Robison.. Tom is married with children and works hard to support them with a job. His house and yard are well cared for and he attends church. Not only that, but he stops at the Ewell house to help Mayella knowing that he is putting himself in a compromising position. At the trial, while on the stand, he answers questions in a respectable, dignified manner even though he is being accused of a crime he didn't commit. At one point when he is on the stand, Atticus questions him to tell the jury what Bob Ewell told him and he says, 'Somethin' not fittin' to say - not fittin' for these folk'n chillun to hear-'; (p.

Country : Czech Republic

It is very important for any student of history and politics of nations to have a deep grasp and understanding of the political, historical, social, economic and structural revolution of nations. This is very important for them to be able to produce an accurate analysis and recommendation of policies. No one will be able come up to an accurate analysis without tracing the history of a particular nation. No two nations are entirely similar.This is why it is necessary for us to study each nation separately to be able to come up with a scholarly and viable set of analysis and recommendation. In this paper, I am are going to review and analyze the Czech Republic. I am going to provide some of the most important and basic information about the Czech Republic including its political framework, ideological status, government arrangement, civic socialization, current issues and other important facts that will be useful for any student of political science in the production of analysis and re commendations for the said country.Constitution The current constitution of the Czech Republic which was ratified in December 16, 1992 and became effective in January 1, 1993 is a consequence of the inability of the former Czech and Slovakia to arrive to document that will be able to come up to a structure and framework that will be able to adopt the inputs of the two republics. As a result, the Czech-Slovak federation was dissolved and decided to go on their own ways (Country Review 34). IdeologyAs a former communist country that is under the sphere of the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic experienced first hand the disadvantages of the said system. As the Soviet collapsed and lose the hold to the Czechs, the republic adopted a western style of governance with democracy and liberalism as the most important foundations in the structure and arrangement of the government and its economy. Government Model and Currency The Czech Republic is democratic state with a parliamentary governmen t.It is governed by the Constitution of the Czech Republic and the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms that had been around since 1993. It is one of the most well developed post- Communist state up to date. A former centrally planned economy modeled from the USSR, the Czech Republic today is a thriving market economy that is open and taking advantage of the investments that came from foreign investors. The republic is now a member of the European Union. However, its currency remains to be Czech koruna despite its advantageous position by shifting to Euro.(Central Intelligence Agency) Political System, Political Parties, Party Structures There are numerous political parties or political clubs in the Czech Republic. They consist of the major and minor players in the houses. The major groups are Civic Democratic Party Parliamentary Club which is a center-right and euroskeptic party and Czech Social Democratic Party Parliamentary Club which is characterized by its major inclinati on to the left side of the spectrum.Some of the minor players are the Bohemia and Moravia Communist Party Parliamentary Club which is also a extreme left party and a product of the former communist party in the republic, Christian and Democratic Union which is a conservative and Christian party and a part of the government coalition, the Green Party Parliamentary Club is a centrist party whose majority of the support came from major cites like Prague, the capital of the republic. (Kabelova, House of Parliaments) Electoral Process As a parliamentary, the civic population will elect their representatives that will hold the office in the Chamber of Senate and Senate.The suffrage in the Czech Republic is 18 years old. These public elected officials will elect the head of the government from their ranks for the next five years by absolute majority vote. (Country Review 35-37) Executive Branch The head or the leader of the executive branch of the Czech Republic is called president. The cu rrent president of the Czech Republic is President Vaclav Klaus which was elected and came in to power in March 7, 2003. The president is elected by the Parliament and is legible to hold the office for five years.The president is also allowed to govern for two terms. Vaclav Claus was reelected in February 15, 2008 and scheduled to govern until 2013 (CIA World Fact Book). Vaclav Claus was a member and the founder of Civic Democratic Party, a center-right party in the Czech Republic and is known for his euroskepticism (i. e. skepticism to the structure and policies of the integration of Europe by the European Union). (Country Review 16-17) Legislative Branch The highest law making body in the Czech Republic is known as the Parliament of the Czech Republic.It is composed of two separate houses namely the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Senate is comprised with 81 seats that are elected by the citizens of the republic. They are to hold the office for six years. On the other hand , the Chamber of Deputies is comprised of 200 seats that are elected to serve for four years. Both of the legislative houses possess the power to initiate the formulation and legislation of laws. They are also tasked to elect the president by a vote characterized with absolute majority for the two chambers.They can also passed a motion or vote of no-confidence to the government with an absolute majority votes that will derail the power to the elected government and shall make room for a new election. (Country Review 35-36) Judicial Branch The Judicial branch of government in the Czech Republic is composed of a Constitutional Court, a Supreme Court, a Supreme Administrative Court, high, regional and district courts. The president is tasked to appoint 15 judges of the CC that will hold the office for 10 years. (Kabelova, Courts of Law)Political Socialization and Political Participation In terms of its native citizens, the Czech Republic had managed to retained the former wide practice of civilian accessibility to the government. There is an open door policy in the different offices of government wherein citizens can talk to officials first hand. Town meetings are also common wherein citizens conduct scheduled meetings with their head of municipalities and cities once in a while. (Migration Policy Index) Recent Issues High level of corruption in the government offices in the Czech Republic poses a major concern.There are many surveys that conclude the that the public does not trust the officials in the government including many political parties. One agency even released a report that only 18 percent of the population trust the government officials and the political parties. Other studies tackles the continuous decrease of government effectiveness since the mid 1990s. Despite the numerous claims and allegations of corruption in the government, there is no conviction of high level officials for committing corruption. (US. Department of State)With this problem, the government must establish an independent body that will put the suspects to trials. The body should possess the capability to convict the suspects to prison or other punishments. Also, the body should be structurally and legally arranged to be immune as much as possible to the influence of the outside influences. On the other hand, the migrants in the Czech Republic are experiencing unfair treatment in relation to its native counter parts. There is no effective electoral rights for the migrants in the Czech Republic. Their political liberties are limited.The migrants are only consulted through a representative who was appointed by the government. Migrants cannot form their own association unless there is a considerable number of Czech natives. No foreigners, including EU citizens can join Czech political parties. (Migration Policy Index) There is also a growing concern in relation to the discrimination of women on the Czech Republic. Under the law, men and women are regarded as equ al in all aspects including family law, property law and the judicial system. Women in the Czech Republic can be found more often in the lower median salary.Women's salary in the republic is less than 25 percent when compared to their men counterparts. Women are more likely to be unemployed when compared to men. Lastly, there is only a small population of women who were given senior positions in the government and in the corporate world. (US. Department of State) As a member of the European Union, the EU must increased its awareness on the rampant inequality in the Czech Republic. It must exercise its administrative and economic edge to convince the government to adopt a more migrants/foreigner friendy policies.Unless there is no pressure from the outside, we cannot expect any changes to be adopted by the Czech government. Evaluation No one can deny the development of the Czech Republic after its shift to a liberal democratic system. However, despite this achievements, we cannot als o take for granted the shortfalls and limitation of the government in many important aspects – those I stated above. Most of this problems can be rooted to the Czech Republic's communist past that can be still engraved in some parts of the population. After all, a single generation only had passed since the shift of the Czech Republic from a communist structure.In this sense, we conclude that the achievements and developments that had been achieved by the Czech Republic cannot be undermined with its shortfalls. As it always stated, changes is impossible overnight. In many cases, for these problems and limitation to be corrected, time and effort is needed. As long as the officials and the citizens of the Czech Republic take in mind their problems and limitation, we can expect a more developed Czech Republic, not only in economic conditions but also on to its social, political and structural conditions. ConclusionIn this paper, we had discussed the different important aspects a nd information of the Czech Republic ranging from its political, economical and structural conditions. With these information in hand, we had been able to address the issues and problems in the republic. With the factual information and scholarly assessment that we had gathered, we had been able to come up to recommendations that are more likely to work due to its reliance to factual information. Once again, we had improved the importance of the knowledge and understanding of a specific country for us to come up to a viable and accurate analysis and recommendations.Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Czech Republic. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. Country Watch. Country Review: Czech Republic. Country Watch. 2010. Web. Accessed. 23 May 2010. Kabelova, Andrea. Czech Republic Political System. Legislative, executive and judicial power in the Czech Republic. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. Migration Policy Index. Czech Republic – Political participatio n. Strategic thinking on equality and mobility. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. U. S. Department of State. Czech Republic: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U. S. Department of State. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010.

Gag Clauses Essay

For the past ten years, the Health Management Organizations (HMO), who is responsible on the health care programs, had imposed a new system that restrict and inhibit physicians in communicating to their patients. (Wynn, 1996) This is known as ‘gag clause†. The physician must not discuss the medical condition and all treatment options of their patients. These include the right health care plan, the appropriate treatment and medications that may be benefit to the patient in terms of cost. (Liang, 1998) The issue on the gag clauses creates a big noise especially on the practitioners and physicians. This issue receives many criticisms. According to some critics, it is the obligation of a physician to educate and inform his patient on what kind of treatment, and the kind of health care plan. This is because physicians are trained to treat the bad health conditions of their patients. The gag clause thus inhibits the open discussion of the two parties. Because of the gag clause issue, the House of Representative and the Legislature of United States are now making a proper move to inhibit the gag clauses in physician contracts. But almost 200 million of the citizens of the said country rely on health care programs of HMOs. The lawmakers of United States, who had made laws and enforces these to protect its citizens, medicine companies as well as the practitioners from the HMOs, still HMOs finds a way to control the actions of their hired physicians. This is the termination-without-cause clause. In this clause, the physician to be hired by HMOs can be fired for any reason. The restrictions of physicians in communicating to their patients produce major problems especially on the side of the patient. One of these problem is the lost of trust and confidence of the patient if his original physician has been deselected. Then the second physician must handle the latter treatment on the patient which is very difficult because of little time. Then the second physician also faces a constraint in communicating to his patient. This will result to low quality health care service given by HMOs. The welfare of the patients is being jeopardized because of gag clauses. A study was conducted on the performance of physicians experiencing gag clauses from their health care company. From the physicians who were interviewed, majority do their medical obligation as part of their ethical duties in providing the necessary medication and treatments for their patients. They do not even read carefully the provisions of the contracts they signed in handling their patients. But because of the alarming issues on the deselecting, physicians were limited on communicating to their patients the health conditions and proper treatment. While on the side of physician sectors, there profession is being put at risk. As a physician, their responsibility is to take care of their patient which is the core of their medical responsibility. If these physicians were unluckily deselected, their ethical responsibility to raise and support their family will be affected. Thus, physicians are faced in a two situations were they must choose which will they do. Thus the purpose of their profession is being sacrificed. In almost contract signing, there are some elements to consider and understand by both parties before they undergo in signing. Some of the key terms to consider are the payment terms, duty and obligations of parties, representations and warranties, conditions on the closure of the contract, some liability issues and termination rights. In contract signing in a managed care setting, the identification of the parties who will sign the contract must first be done. In terms of managed care setting, the health care provider, physicians and the consumers or patients are the main characters. Then the recitals will follow. In this part, it contains the background of the contract as well the objective. The obligation of the parties involved is the next element to be discussed before signing. The health care provider will provide all the necessary treatments needed by the patient for his wellness. This includes the necessary and appropriate health care plan. While the physician medical responsibility is to provide the necessary treatment needed by the patient in which he can apply his profession. These include care and medication of the patient. And lastly, the obligation of the patient is in term of financial obligation for the health care provider and to the physician. (Allbusiness, 2007) Next to be considered are the terms of the contract. It must be clearly stated what are the sanction if one of the terms was not made. Also, the contract must be known if it is an only one time or it can be renewed. And if the contract is renewable, how it can be renewed? These questions must be first answered before the signing of the medical health care contract. After this, the price must be set. How much will it cost the service of the health care provider to their costumers or patients and the salary of the physician assigned, as well as the terms of payments between the parties? When will the due of the payment and what are the consequences if the due was not met by one of the party concerned. Warranty is also part of a contract. The warranties must be clearly stated on how it can be claimed and in what way. If the health care program does not meet the terms, how will the health care provider pay the consequence? And how long the warranty will is good for. And lastly is the term of termination of the contract. When will the health care program end in concern on the patient? When will the physician medical obligation ends. The above are mentioned are the key terms in contract signing in a health care setting. (Allbusiness, 2007) In contract signing in a health care setting, a major concern that must be considered is that-if the contract contains provisions of illegal act? Because majority of the HMOs contract’s contain provision of not letting communication on the physician-patient relationship, the Federal government of United States enforce these HMOs to eliminate these gag clauses. In a contract, it is stated that the patient under a health care program is entitled to all benefits of the health care program. ( Scanlon, 1999) Because of this, the Health Care Financing Administration force HMOs to eliminate gag clauses on their contracts. If a contract contains illegal act such that of the gag clauses, it will be considered as a violation on the Medicare law. This is because almost physicians believe that inhibiting them in communicating with their patients about their medical condition might result to increase on the risk on their health condition. (Frascati, 2005) Even tough some of the health care plans of HMOs were revised in connection with the gag clauses; still there are provisions and conditions that hinder the communication of physician-patient relationship. Some of these provisions are the business confidentiality clause, nondisparagement clause and nonsolicitation clause. These provisions are discrete form of inhibition of the communication. (Lott, 1997) If one of the provisions in a contract is unenforceable like no legal action or waiver of right to trial by jury, and then the contract is considered void. (Higuchi, 1995)

Melting Point Vs. Freezing Point

Melting Point Vs. Freezing Point You may think the melting point and freezing point of a substance occur at the same temperature. Sometimes they do, but sometimes they dont. The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase and the  solid phase are equal and at equilibrium. If you increase the temperature, the solid will melt. If you decrease the temperature of a liquid past the same temperature, it may or may not freeze! This is supercooling and it occurs with many substances, including water. Unless there is a nucleus for crystallization, you can cool water well below its melting point and it wont turn to ice (freeze). You can demonstrate this effect by cooling very pure water in a freezer in a smooth container to as low as −42 degrees Celcius. Then if you disturb the water (shake it, pour it, or touch it), it will turn to ice as you watch. The freezing point of water and other liquids may be the same temperature as the melting point. It wont be higher, but it could easily be lower.

10 Biggest Job Search Mistakes of New College Grads

10 Biggest Job Search Mistakes of New College Grads Even though it can seem daunting to enter the job force immediately after college, and though the market is tougher than it ever has been for entry-level hires, recent grads are actually among those most likely to land a job this year. Here are 10 common mistakes that can get in your way during your first real job search, and beyond.1. Being too passiveThe trick is to be proactive. The days of being recruited without having to look are long gone. Those who utilize their network to every possible extent and really do everything in their power to get hired, are the ones who will be rewarded first and best.2. Being too internet-centricThousands upon thousands of candidates just like you are posting on job search boards and sending in their resumes to online applications. The only way to distinguish yourself and actually be considered for these jobs is to get out and get networking. Human connections are key.3. Being too insularThink outside the box when building your network. Consider a sking generations above you for help. You never know who will be the key to get you through the door.4. Being too generalIf you’re not customizing your resume to each position, you’re crazy. Yes, it will take a bit of extra time, but the preparation will be worth it should you make it to the interview phase. And without showing each hiring manager or HR rep that you are precisely suitable for this particular position, you hardly stand a chance at getting your resume through the first skim.5. Using the wrong sitesSocial networking is one thing. Professional networking is another. If you’re relying on Facebook and Twitter only for your connection-building purposes, you’re missing a huge part of the picture. Make a platform for yourself on professional networking sites as well. It may not be as fun, but it will likely prove so much more useful.6. Not following upIf you don’t follow up, you’ll miss a good chunk of opportunities. Don’t jus t send your resume and forget about it. If you want that job, make sure you get an interview for it. Hustle!7. Setting the bar too highYou’re just out of college, all jazzed up, and out to find your dream job. But dream jobs can take decades to attain. You might not even really know what that would look like now. Focus on getting a good job now, and let perfection work itself out later. A little humility will get you a long way in the beginning of your career.8. Being unprofessionalThis includes your image: what you wear, how you conduct yourself, how you speak, and how you present yourself online. Give yourself an image makeover. Make sure your online presence is 100% respectable. And start acting like a grown-up†¦ everywhere you go.9. Not taking the interview seriouslyDo your research. Don’t just swan in and expect them to hand you the job or internship without making you work for it. Learn about the company before hand and prepare for the interview. If you donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t, you’ll look like an amateur. And you certainly won’t get the job.10. Not using the tools available to youYou have a career office for a reason. Use it. They won’t hand you a job on a silver platter, but they can set you up to be in a better position to land one yourself with a little hard work and preparation.

1. Choose one topic from your philosophy. 2. Discuss this topic in Essay

1. Choose one topic from your philosophy. 2. Discuss this topic in relation to your own field of Nursing and one other field of Nursing - Essay Example This is becausehygienecontrols the multiplication and spread of organisms that cause diseasesin everyday life settings. There are different types of hygiene that are essential in the preservation of health, for example, hand hygiene. This is the most common societal form of hygiene. It is also referred to as hand washing and health experts recommend the washing of hands with a hand sanitizer such as soap. Hand hygiene is essential in preventing the spread of diseases in everyday life because the hands come in to contact with many things, such as unclean surfaces, and for this reason, it so happens that hands are more prone to transferring bacteria that will cause diseases. Other forms of hygiene may include food hygiene, laundry hygiene, and personal hygiene among many others. Inthefield of medicine, hygiene is summed up in to medical hygiene. This refers tothe practices which regulate the administration of medicine and medical care. The main agenda of medical hygiene is to minimize the spread of diseases or even to prevent diseases from spreading. For example, if there are or is a patient who has been diagnosed or is showing symptoms of a particular infectious disease, then the prudent medical hygiene procedure that should be followed is isolation. The medical term used for isolation is quarantine. Hand hygiene is also pertinent to medical hygiene. Medical practitionersrequired to wash their hands before handling a patient. Thisrequirement is emphasized more when one is about to enter an operating room but the role that hand hygiene plays in the general hospital or health care setting cannot be overlooked because some bacteria that spread diseases are easily transmittable. In the 20th century, an outbreak of a number of highly infectious and deadly disea ses was experienced. One such disease was Ebola. The rate of transmission of these viruses necessitated the tightening of